Lashing children with a whip/belt/stick. Where I grew up hitting your kids is normalized and expected as part of parenting, it is also acceptable to use corporal punishment in schools there for whatever reason. Anyone who doesn't hit their children is viewed as a bad parent and a wimp, so many parents even make a show out of beating their kids in public if they act up, in order to receive validation from strangers.
I had PTSD from sexual abuse and my family was too stupid to figure out what was going on with me, so every time I was afraid of being around medical staff or going to doctor's appointments as a young child, I would get beaten with the belt as a punishment for until there were welts on my legs. Whenever I ran off out of fear or cried, I would get beaten with the belt over it, or sometimes a thin stick/rod. This only stopped around the time I started puberty, especially because my relatives would yank my pants and underwear down so they could quite literally beat my ass.
I definitely would not be as neurotic as I am now and afraid of pain, if my family's idea of a big brained solution to any fearful outbursts or perceived acts of disobedience was something other than beating and hitting me. A small child does not understand why they're being hit, they only learn to associate the pain they feel with whatever behavior is causing them to be physically harmed, and they want to avoid getting that punishment again. Sure, children may avoid these behaviours as a consequence of that fear conditioning, but it has harmful knockdown effects.