I would never presume you or the original poster are criminals based on wanting to secure your information, or that you were investigated by police. I am a US citizen and a strong believer in 4th amendment rights. I also have a deep understanding of encryption and cryptography in general, although not specifically in the case of certain products like iphones. I have a strong idea of how iphone encryption works, but I am not absolutely certain.
With that said, a 6 digit PIN can be guessed correctly 1 in 1,000,000 times (10^6). This is extraordinarily easy for a single computer to do via brute force. A 12-digit alphanumeric code using the basic A-Z, a-z, and 0-9 is 62(possible options)^12(digits) or a correct guess 1 in 3 followed by 21 zeroes times. As a rule of thumb, taking the result of this and taking the base 2 log will give you an approximation of bits of entropy. Log2(1,000,000) = 20 bits, Log2(3 x 10^21) = 77 bits. Every time you increase it by 1 bit, you double the difficulty of cracking the password. 64 bits has been cracked. 80 bits is considered safe for thousands of years based on current computational abilities. Bitcoin uses approximately 128 bits of entropy to secure its transactions. 256 bits would take more energy than exists in the observable universe to crack. (This all presumes the underlying cryptography is safe.)
Of course there are all kinds of ways this information leaks, such as your calls, messages, and whatever. But if you want your phone to be secure, and actually be secure, it is totally possible to prevent anyone from ever seeing what is on your phone by using a strong passcode on the assumption that the cryptography used is safe and doesn't have a backdoor. (Not an absolute guarantee by any stretch.)
Your entire drive, empty space and all, is encrypted by a 128 bit or 256 bit security key that your passcode decrypts to allow you to access your phone. The weakest link is your passcode or the availability of fingerprint scans or other means to bypass your passcode.